In this article, we’ll cover Prompt injection - I could use a little AI interaction! write-up as the Day 19 challenge of the Advent of Cyber event challenge. It involved navigating a game and getting to hack it for the first time using the commands and also by playing the game. We’re still at Wareville for SOC-mas!
Game Hacking
Even while penetration testing is becoming increasingly popular, game hacking only makes up a small portion of the larger cyber security field. With its 2023 revenue reaching approximately $183.9 billion, the game industry can easily attract attackers. They can do various malicious activities, such as providing illegitimate ways to activate a game, providing bots to automate game actions, or misusing the game logic to simplify it. Therefore, hacking a game can be pretty complex since it requires different skills, including memory management, reverse engineering, and networking knowledge if the game runs online.
Executables and Libraries
The executable file of an application is generally understood as a standalone binary file containing the compiled code we want to run. While some applications contain all the code they need to run in their executables, many applications usually rely on external code in library files with the "so" extension.
Library files are collections of functions that many applications can reuse. Unlike applications, they can't be directly executed as they serve no purpose by themselves. For a library function to be run, an executable will need to call it. The main idea behind libraries is to pack commonly used functions so developers don't need to reimplement them for every new application they develop.
For example, imagine you are developing a game that requires adding two numbers together. Since mathematical functions are so commonly used, you could implement a library called libmaths to handle all your math functions, one of which could be called add(). The function would take two arguments (x and y) and return the sum of both numbers.
Note that the application trusts the library to perform the requested operation correctly. From an attacker's standpoint, if we could somehow intercept the function calls from the executable to the library, we could alter the arguments sent or the return value. This would allow us to force the application to behave in strange ways.
Hacking with Frida
Frida is a powerful instrumentation tool that allows us to analyze, modify, and interact with running applications. How does it do that? Frida creates a thread in the target process; that thread will execute some bootstrap code that allows the interaction. This interaction, known as the agent, permits the injection of JavaScript code, controlling the application's behaviour in real-time. One of the most crucial functionalities of Frida is the Interceptor. This functionality lets us alter internal functions' input or output or observe their behaviour. In the example above, Frida would allow us to intercept and change the values of x and y that the library would receive on the fly. It would also allow us to change the returned sum value that is sent to the executable:
Let's take a look at a hypothetical example. In this example, a number is simply printed on the console.
VMTerminal
ubuntu@tryhackme:~$ ./main
Hello, 1!
Hello, 1!
Hello, 1!
Hello, 1!
Hello, 1!
Hello, 1!
Hello, 1!
Hello, 1!
What we want to achieve is replacing that value with an arbitrary one, let's say 1337.
Before proceeding, we will run frida-trace for the first time so that it creates handlers for each library function used by the game. By editing the handler files, we can tell Frida what to do with the intercepted values of a function call. To have Frida create the handler files, you would run the following command:
frida-trace ./main -i '*'
You will now see the __handlers__ directory, containing JavaScript files for each function your application calls from a library. One such function will be called say_hello() and have a corresponding handler at __handlers__/libhello.so/say_hello.js, allowing us to interact with the target application in real-time.
We don't need to understand what the file does just yet; we will review this later in the task.
Each handler will have two functions known as hooks since they are hooked into the function respectively before and after the function call:
onEnter: From this function, we are mainly interested in the args variable, an array of pointers to the parameters used by our target function - a pointer is just an address to a value.
onLeave: here, we are interested in the retval variable, which will contain a pointer to the variable returned.
Interceptor.attach(Module.getExportByName(null, "say_hello"), {
onEnter: function (log, args, state) { },
onLeave: function (log, retval, state) { }
});
We have pointers and not just variables because if we change any value, it has to be permanent; otherwise, we will modify a copy of the value, which will not be persistent.
Returning to our objective, we want to set the parameter with 1337. To do so, we must replace the first arguments of the args array: args[0] with a pointer to a variable containing 1337.
Frida has a function called ptr() that does exactly what we need: allocate some space for a variable and return its pointer. We also want to log the value of the original argument, and we have to use the function toInt32(), which reads the value of that pointer.
Interceptor.attach(Module.findExportByName(null, "say_hello"), {
onEnter: function (args) {
var originalArgument = args[0].toInt32();
console.log("Original argument: " + originalArgument);
args[0] = ptr(1337);
log('say_hello()');
}
});
When we rerun the executable with Frida, we notice that we can intercept the program's logic, setting 1337 as the parameter function. The original value is logged as expected using the following command:
VMTerminal
ubuntu@tryhackme:~$ frida-trace ./main -i 'say*'
Hello, 1337!
Original argument: 1
/* TID 0x5ec9 */
11 ms say_hello()
Hello, 1337!
Original argument: 1
Now that we better understand Frida's capabilities, we can return to frida-trace. We have already seen that it generates the JavaScript script to hook a specific function automatically, but how does it know which function needs to be hooked? The parameter -i tells Frida which library to hook, and it can filter using the wildcard, tracing all the functions in all the libraries loaded.
Connection Details
Before moving forward, review the questions in the connection card shown below:
During this task, you'll have access to a VM that contains the game we will hack with Frida. To start the machine, click the following Start Machine button:
Start Machine
If the VM is not visible, use the blue Show Split View button at the top of the page.
TryUnlockMe - The Frostbitten OTP
You can start the game by running the following command on a terminal:
cd /home/ubuntu/Desktop/TryUnlockMe && ./TryUnlockMe
Exploring the game a bit around, you will find a penguin asking for a PIN.
Terminate the previous game instance and execute the following Frida command to intercept all the functions in the libaocgame.so library where some of the game logic is present:
frida-trace ./TryUnlockMe -i 'libaocgame.so!*'
If you revisit the NPC, you can trigger the OTP function on the console displayed as set_otpi
GameVMTerminal
ubuntu@tryhackme:~/Desktop/TryUnlockMe/$ frida-trace ./TryUnlockMe -i 'libaocgame.so!*'
Instrumenting...
Started tracing 3 functions. Web UI available at http://localhost:1337/
/* TID 0x2240 */
7975 ms _Z7set_otpi()
Notice the output _Z7set_otpi indicates that the set_otp function is called during the NPC interaction; you can try intercepting it!
Open a new terminal, go to the /home/ubuntu/Desktop/TryUnlockMe/__handlers__/libaocgame.so/ folder, and open Visual Studio Code by running:
GameVMTerminal
ubuntu@tryhackme:~$ cd /home/ubuntu/Desktop/TryUnlockMe/__handlers__/libaocgame.so/
ubuntu@tryhackme:~/Desktop/TryUnlockMe/__handlers__/libaocgame.so/$ code .
ubuntu@tryhackme:~/Desktop/TryUnlockMe/__handlers__/libaocgame.so/$
At this point, you should be able to select the _Z7set_otpi JavaScript file with the hook defined. The i at the end of the set_otp function indicates that an integer will be passed as a parameter. It will likely set the OTP by passing it as the first argument. To get the parameter value, you can use the log function, specifying the first elements of the array args on the onEnter function:
log("Parameter:" + args[0].toInt32());
Your JavaScript file should look like the following:
defineHandler({
onEnter(log, args, state) {
log('_Z7set_otpi()');
log("Parameter:" + args[0].toInt32());
},
onLeave(log, retval, state) {
}
});
You should be able to log something similar:
GameVMTerminal
ubuntu@tryhackme:~/Desktop/TryUnlockMe/$ frida-trace ./TryUnlockMe -i 'libaocgame.so!*'
Instrumenting...
Started tracing 3 functions. Web UI available at http://localhost:1337/
/* TID 0x2240 */
39618 ms _Z7set_otpi()
39618 ms Parameter:611696/code>
Then, you need to use that parameter as OTP; this value changes over time, so your will be different:
TryUnlockMe - A Wishlist for Billionaires
Exploring the new stage, you will find another penguin with a costly item named Right of Pass.
The game lets you earn coins by using the old PC on the field, but getting 1.000.000 coins that way sounds tedious. You can again use Frida to intercept the function in charge of purchasing the item. This time is a bit more tricky than the previous one because the function buy_item displayed as: _Z17validate_purchaseiii has three i letters after its name to indicate that it has three integer parameters.
You can log those values using the log function for each parameter trying to buy something:
log("Parameter1:" + args[0].toInt32())
log("Parameter2:" + args[1].toInt32())
log("Parameter3:" + args[2].toInt32())
Your JavaScript buy_item file should look like the following:
defineHandler({
onEnter(log, args, state) {
log('_Z17validate_purchaseiii()');
log('PARAMETER 1: '+ args[0]);
log('PARAMETER 2: '+ args[1]);
log('PARAMETER 3: '+ args[2]);
},
onLeave(log, retval, state) {
}
});
You should be able to log something similar:
GameVMTerminal
07685 ms _Z17validate_purchaseiii()
365810 ms PARAMETER 1: 0x1
365810 ms PARAMETER 2: 0x5
365810 ms PARAMETER 3: 0x1
By simple inspection, we can determine that the first parameter is the Item ID, the second is the price, and the third is the player's coins. If you manipulate the price and set it as zero, you can buy any item that you want:
args[1] = ptr(0)
Your JavaScript buy_item file should look like the following:
defineHandler({
onEnter(log, args, state) {
log('_Z17validate_purchaseiii()');
args[1] = ptr(0)
},
onLeave(log, retval, state) {
}
});
You can buy any item now!
TryUnlockMe - Naughty Fingers, Nice Hack
This last stage is a bit more tricky because the output displayed by Frida is _Z16check_biometricsPKc(), so it does not handle integers anymore but strings making a bit more complex to debug.
By selecting the JavaScript file named _Z16check_biometricsPKc, you can add the following code to the onEnter() function as you did previously to debug the content of the parameter:
defineHandler({
onEnter(log, args, state) {
log('_Z16check_biometricsPKc()');
log("PARAMETER:" + Memory.readCString(args[0]))
},
onLeave(log, retval, state) {
}
});
You should be able to log something similar:
GameVMTerminal
1279884 ms _Z16check_biometricsPKc()
1279884 ms PARAMETER:1trYRV2vJImp9QiGEreHNmJ8LUNMyfF0W4YxXYsqrcdy1JEDArUYbmguE1GDgUDA
This output does not seem very helpful; you may have to consider another way. You can log the return value of the function by adding the following log instruction in the onLeave function:
onLeave(log, retval, state) {
log("The return value is: " + retval);
}
});
You should be able to log something similar:
GameVMTerminal
69399931 ms The return value is: 0x0
So, the value returned is 0, which may indicate that it is a boolean flag set to False. Which value will set it to True? Can you trick the game into thinking the biometrics check worked?
The following instruction will set it the return value to True:retval.replace(ptr(1))
What is the OTP flag? THM{one_tough_password}
What is the billionaire item flag? THM{credit_card_undeclined}
What is the biometric flag? THM{dont_smash_your_keyboard}
If you liked today's task, you can practice your skills with "Memories of Christmas Past" from Advent of Cyber 2023.
The second penguin gave pretty solid advice. Maybe you should listen to him more.
Thank you for reading this article. Please leave a comment with your thoughts, areas for improvement, other suggestions, and questions. Stay secure until the next one!
